Corso di laurea in Ottica e Optometria

Professor  I. Perroteau

The cellular organization, prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.

• Cell theory.
• Prokaryotes and eukaryotes.
• Outline the classification and phylogeny. The new classification of prokaryotic organisms in Bacteria and archaea.
• Diploidy, polyploidy, plasmodia, syncytia. Ialoplasma (cytosol) and cell organelles.
• Cell size - Dimensional limits of prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells. Physical limits of possibility cellular organization. Law of Driesch.
• Cellular organization of the living: unicellular organisms, multicellular not organized into tissues, with multicellular organization in tissues.
• Work organization and reproduction of the virus.

Elementary chemical composition, molecular, macromolecular cell

• Molecular properties of water, biological importance and cell organizations.
• CHO, NP, S, organic molecules: glycols, lipids, amino acids, nitrogen bases.
• Polymers of sugars, polymers of amino acids, polymers of nitrogen bases.
• Triglycerides and polar lipids: formation of lipid films.
• Monovalent ions: K + Na + Cl-, divalent ions Ca + +, Mg + +
• Organization in the lipid bilayer of cell membranes.

Basic experimental approaches:

• Light microscopy (bright field and dark field, phase contrast, fluorescence)
• Electron microscopy (TEM and SEM)
• Confocal microscopy. Section planes and three-dimensional reconstruction.
• Prepared stable; histochemistry; istoenzimologia, immunocytochemistry, in situ hybridization; Biomolecular Analysis: western, northern and southern blot.
• Cell cultures
• Outline of recombinant technologies (GFP).

Morpho-functional cell characteristics

• The membranes: chemical composition, ultrastructure, molecular organization.
• Interphase nucleus: nuclear envelope, pores, chromatin, nucleolus, notes on transcription, transport nucleus cytoplasm.
• Ribosomes and protein translation. Addressing molecules. Nucleus-cytoplasm transport.
• Granular endoplasmic reticulum.
• Smooth endoplasmic reticulum and synthesis of membrane lipids.
• The Golgi complex. Transport, sorting and vesicle fusion. Exocytosis.
• Mantle cell (glycocalyx).
• Endocytosis and turnover of the plasma membrane. Transmembrane transport and cell comunicaizone
• Endosomes. Lysosomes. Peroxisomes.
• Cytoskeleton. Specializations of the cell surface: microvilli, cilia and flagella.
• Jointing systems between cells and between cells and matrix.
• Chemiotrofo metabolism: the mitochondria.
• The proliferation of somatic cells: DNA replication, the cell cycle and mitosis.
• Cell differentiation.
• The differentiation of the germ line. Meiosis.
• Elements of early stages of embryonic development.

 

Docente I. Perroteau

Cos’è un tessuto?

• Cellule staminali e cellule differenziate. 
• Tessuti ad elementi labili, stabili, perenni. 
• Derivazione dei diversi tessuti dai tre foglietti embrionali. 

Tessuto epiteliale:

• epiteli di rivestimento, 
• epiteli secernenti, 
• epiteli sensoriali. 
• Rinnovamento degli epiteli. 

Tessuti connettivi:

• tipi cellulari, sostanza fondamentale anista, fibre. 
• Classificazione e descrizione 
• Tessuto adiposo.  
• Tessuto cartilagineo. 
• Tessuto osseo: costituzione, criteri di classificazione, processi di ossificazione. 
• Il sangue: plasma ed elementi figurati. Caratteristiche morfologiche e funzionali dei vari tipi cellulari. 
• Cenni al processo di emopoiesi. 

Tessuto muscolare:

• classificazione e descrizione del tessuto muscolare
• Diverse tipologie: schelettrico, cardiaco e liscio
• Il processo di contrazione. 

Tessuto nervoso:

• sistema nervoso centrale e periferico. 
• Il neurone. 
• Le fibre nervose. 
• Mielinizzazione e funzione della mielina. 
• Trasmissione dell'impulso nervoso. Sinapsi. 
• Giunzione mioneurale. 
• Neuroglia.

Professor  I. Perroteau

What is a tissue?

• Stem cells and differentiated cells.
• Fabrics elements labile, stable, perennial.
• Derivation of the different tissues from the three germ layers.

Epithelial tissue:

• General characteristics
• secreting epithelia
• sensory epithelia
• Renewal of epithelia

Connective tissue:

• General characteristics
• cell types, the fundamental substance anista, fibers.
• Classification and Description
• Adipose tissue.
• Cartilage tissue.
• Bone: formation, classification criteria, ossification processes.
• The blood: plasma and formed elements. Morphological and functional characteristics of the various cell types.
• Outline the process of hematopoiesis.

Muscle tissue:

• classification and description of the muscle tissue
• Different types: skeletal, cardiac and smooth
• The process of contraction.

Nervous tissue:

• Central and peripheral nervous system.
• Neuronal and glial cells.
• The nerve fibers.
• Myelination and myelin function.
• Transmission of nerve impulses. Synapses.
• Neuro-muscular junction.